Borgmann Aquaponics Hydroponics
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Overview
Foundations & Concepts The Idea Vision and philosophy behind sustainable food production Biology Biological foundations and connections The Business Economic efficiency and business models Systems & Getting Started Aquaponics Closed-loop system with fish and plants Hydroponics Growing plants without soil Ecoponics Ecological closed-loop systems Permaculture Ecological Self-sufficiency Organisms Fish Plants Medicinal Plants Sprouts Microgreens Push & Pull Nutrients & Analysis Nutrient Solutions C...
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Grams to Moles
Here we explain how grams are converted to moles. The conversion from moles to grams can be found here. This area of chemistry is called stoichiometry . You will need a periodic table and a calculator. First, identifying the elements that make up the compound. Example: the compound NaHCO 3 consists of four elements: sodium (Na), hydrogen (H), carbon (C) and oxygen (O). Then determine the number of atoms each element contributes to the compound. Example: H 2 O has two hydrogen and one oxy...
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Periodic Table
Context: You often need the periodic table to calculate fertilizer solutions, as the quantities of an existing fertilizer solution usually have to be calculated in relation to the amount of additional fertilizers added. See the Fertilizer article series . By Antonsusi, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=82871392 Context: {loadmoduleid 95} ID:
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pH and Ec Finder
Here you can view the plants that have similar pH and Ec values and can therefore, at least in this respect, be planted together in an aqua or hydroponic system. Also pay attention to the temperature. What are the nutrient requirements for certain plants? This list shows the nutrient concentration preferred by each plant. Note the differences within the subspecies/breeding . Please remember: there are 23,000 varieties of tomatoes - of course these vary in terms of preferred temperatures as wel...
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Ammonia Calculator for Aquaponics
Ammonia Calculator for Aquaponics Important Information: This calculator determines the toxic ammonia fraction (NH₃-N) from your water parameters. Toxicity depends on pH, temperature, and salinity. Input Values Total Ammonium (NH₄⁺) in g/m³: pH Value: Temperature (°C): Salinity (g/L, optional): Use 0 g/L for freshwater Fish Type:Salmonids (Trout, Salmon)Cyprinids (Carp, Tilapia)Other/Unknown Calculate Results Calculated Values Total Ammonium as N: 0.78 g/m³ NH₄-N Ammonia Fraction (NH₃): 1.8% T...
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Nitrogen (N): Basic conditions
Nitrogen Conversions for Aquaponics Biofilters 1. Basic Ratios (Based on Nitrogen Content N) The conversions are based on the molar masses of the different nitrogen species: Molar Masses: N (Nitrogen atom): 14.01 g/mol NH 3 (Ammonia): 17.03 g/mol NH 4 + (Ammonium): 18.04 g/mol NO 3 - (Nitrate): 62.00 g/mol 2. Conversion Formulas A) NH₄-N ↔ NH₃-N (Ammonia Nitrogen) In this conversion, the nitrogen portion remains the same: NH₃-N (g/day) = NH₄-N (g/day) Important: 1 g NH₄-N corresponds to 1 g ...
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Aquaponics Nitrogen Calculator
Aquaponics Nitrogen Balance Calculator This calculator is called by the fish / biofilter calculator to give you an idea of the nitrogen volume of the aquaponics / biofilter system. It is not intended to be filled in by hand - but this can be very helpful for some situations. You can reach this computer via the link Plant nitrogen Supply calculation to X g NH₄-N per day in Biofilter calculator. Input Parameters NH₄-N Input (g/day): Biofilter Efficiency (%): Plant Uptake (%): Recalculate Context: ...
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PPM ⇄ EC ⇄ TDS ⇄ CF ⇄ mho ⇄ S
EC/TDS/PPM Converter EC/TDS/PPM Converter Hydroponics & Plant Nutrition Unit Converter Base Conversions TDS/PPM Conversion Scale: 500 Scale (USA) 640 Scale (EU) 700 Scale (Truncheon) EC (mS/cm) EC (µS/cm) EC (dS/m) CF (Conductivity Factor) TDS/PPM (mg/L) Siemens (S/cm) = mho/cm ℹ️ Note: TDS/PPM conversion is approximate and depends on ion composition. Mole Calculator (Fertilizer Salts) Select fertilizer salt:-- Select fertilizer salt --Potassium nitrate (KNO₃)Calcium nitrate (Ca(NO₃)₂)Magnesium ...
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Moles to Grams
Here we explain how to convert moles to grams. The conversion from grams to moles can be found here. This area of chemistry is called stoichiometry . The mass in grams of a mole of a substance (that is, the mass in grams per mole) is called the molar mass of that substance. The molar mass (in g/mol) of a substance is numerically always equal to the formula weight of the substance (in ame = atom mass unit or also called u = unit). The atomic mass can be found at the top right of every period...
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An Investment for the Future ★
Future | Why? | Market | Efficiency | Development | Studies | Yield Calculator | Suitable System | Technology | Implementation A 'plant' for the future Fresh vegetables & fish.Fully automatic, sustainable & efficient. Why Aquaponics & Hydroponics? → ‹ › Please book an appointment to discuss your plant design with us. Request appointment Why Aquaponics & Hydroponics? Sustainable Up to 90% less water consumption compared to field cultivation. Efficiently High yields in a small area– regard...
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Find your suitable system — initial assessment
Future | Why? | Market | Efficiency | Development | Studies | Yield Calculator | Suitable System | Technology | Implementation Find Your Suitable System — Initial Assessment 3–5 brief details are sufficient. The estimate is rough and does not replace a quote. Application AreaPlease select...PrivateGastronomyEducationCommercial Desired Growing Area (m²) Your Main GoalPlease select...Self-sufficiencyPresentation / TeachingGastronomy SupplyCommercial Production Fish StockNo (Hydroponics only)Yes (A...
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Your Consultants for Hydroponics and Aquaponics
The Company | Our Services | Consulting | Planning | Products Your Consultants for Hydroponics and Aquaponics Theory and practice: two sides of the same coin. This page gives you the necessary basic knowledge – transparent and without reservations. Because sound knowledge protects against costly mistakes. Nevertheless, practice shows time and again: even experienced operators encounter situations that require individual assessment and targeted support. That's exactly what we're here for. With ...
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Studies & Sources
Future | Why? | Market | Efficiency | Development | Studies | Yield Calculator | Suitable System | Technology | Implementation Studies & Sources Scientifically-based Data & Analysis on Aquaponics A systematic overview of the current research landscape – from peer-reviewed studies to practical applications. The Current Research Landscape Aquaponics research is experiencing unprecedented growth. What once was considered niche technology is now the focus of international research institutions and d...
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Market needs & nutrition
Future | Why? | Market | Efficiency | Development | Studies | Yield Calculator | Suitable System | Technology | Implementation Market needs & nutrition How aquaponics helps meet the increasing demand for fresh food The world population is growing, demand for sustainable food is increasing – and traditional agriculture is reaching its limits. Aquaponics offers innovative solutions for future food security. The global challenge of food security The numbers speak for themselves: by 2050, the world ...
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Yield and savings calculator
Future | Why? | Market | Efficiency | Development | Studies | Yield Calculator | Suitable System | Technology | Implementation Aquaponics/Hydroponics Calculator Calculate your estimated yields and break-even point for your system project System Parameters Choose system type: Hydroponics Only Aquaponics (Plants + Fish) Growing Area (m²) Plant area Tank Volume (m³) Fish tank Main CropLettuce/Herbs (30-35 kg/m²)Tomatoes/Cucumbers/Peppers (50-70 kg/m²) Investment Costs (€) One-time Market Prices Pla...
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And this is how it works
Your path to a successful aquaponics or hydroponics system – step by step to your goal: Setting up an aquaponics or hydroponics system is an investment in the future – ecologically, sustainably, and economically sensible. Regardless of size, this technology offers enormous opportunities for both end consumers with some space in their garden (from 5 square meters) and farmers with several hectares of land to grow food in a water-saving and environmentally friendly way. To ensure that your project...
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Our services
The Company | Our Services | Consulting | Planning | Products Comprehensive Solutions from Borgmann Aquaponics and Hydroponics Start well informed – arrive safely. We consciously provide you with this knowledge because we believe that those who understand what they are doing will achieve better results. At the same time, we know from many years of experience that each system has its own history. Whether during setup, commissioning or when unexpected problems arise – we are at your side as a re...
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The path to your aquaponics or hydroponics system
The Company | Our Services | Consulting | Planning | Products The Path to Your Aquaponics or Hydroponics System We advise you on the path to your aquaponics or hydroponics system. The company Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik® offers a new possibility to transform the agricultural business into the twenty-first century. The EU already provides funding for this new technology, making the conversion even more attractive for many interested parties. The offer includes feasibility studies, consultation ...
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Resource efficiency
Future | Why? | Market | Efficiency | Development | Studies | Yield Calculator | Suitable System | Technology | Implementation Resource Efficiency Comparison Water, Energy & Land Requirements: Aquaponics vs. Traditional Agriculture Scientifically-based analysis of resource consumption – with surprising results showing where aquaponics excels and where challenges remain. The Great Resource Comparison When it comes to sustainable agriculture, numbers are decisive. Aquaponics is often praised as a ...
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PPM ⇄ mol/L ⇄ g/L ⇄ %
Fertilizer Salt Concentration Calculator Calculates nutrient concentrations based on added fertilizer salt amount ✍️ Enter Formula Select from List Pay attention to uppercase and lowercase letters in the chemical formula. Mo2 is not MO2. Hydration · can be entered as .: (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄·4H₂O = (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O Examples: KNO3, Ca(NO3)2, (NH4)2SO4, Fe2(SO4)3, KH2PO4, MgSO4.7H2O Copy & Paste with subscript characters also works: (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄·4H₂O Select fertilizer salt:-- Please select -- Amount of fe...
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No acid-base reaction
Context: The fertilizer calculation program and its results regarding the calculated pH value. What the program does not do: No dynamic chemical equilibrium (no pKa model) No exact activity calculation No EC/buffering influences The program currently calculates the pH purely from the net charge of the ion balance , especially from OH⁻ excesses , but: A real nutrient solution such as Steiner's solution has a complex buffering effect and cannot be calculated solely by the cation/anion balance . Th...
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Borate species in aqueous solution
The term borate species refers to the various chemical forms (species) in which boron can exist in a solution. The form depends strongly on the pH value . Important borate species 1. Boric acid (H₃BO₃) – undissociated, neutral Predominant at pH < 7 Acts as a weak Lewis acid Exists mainly as uncharged molecules Reaction in water: H3 BO3 + H2O ↔ [B(OH4)]⁻ + H⁺ 2. Tetrahydroxoborate ion ([B(OH)₄]⁻) – anionic Predominant at pH > 9 Formed by the reaction of boric acid with hydroxide ions (OH⁻) Impo...
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Titanium, quantitative analysis
Quantitative Analyse von Titan Titanium occurs in nutrient solutions primarily as the titanium(IV) ion (TiO₂⁺) or as a titanyl complex (TiO²⁺) . It may be essential, but traces of Ti 3+ are so ubiquitous that its addition is rarely justified. At 5 ppm, beneficial growth effects are quite remarkable in some crops, e.g., pineapple and peas. A variable micronutrient. There are various methods for determining titanium: Spectrophotometry with peroxo complexes: formation of a yellow titanyl peroxide c...
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Example: Calculation of moles and grams of boron in boric acid
1. Molar mass of boric acid (H₃BO₃) Hydrogen (H):3×1,008=3,024 g/mol Boron (B):1×10.81=10.81 g/mol Oxygen (O):3×16.00=48.00 g/mol In total: 3,024+10.81+48.00=61,834 g/mol 2. Amount of boric acid in 1 gram n H3BO3 = 1 g 61.834 g/mol ≈ 0.01617 mol 3. Amount of boron (B) 1 molecule of H₃BO₃ contains 1 boron atom: nB = n H3BO3 = 0.01617 mol 4. Concentration in mol/liter 0.0162 mol/L boron (B)(when dissolving 1 g of H₃BO₃ in 1 liter) Calculation of the mass of boron (B) in boric acid (H₃BO₃) 1. Amo...
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Xylenol orange tetrasodium salt
Xylenol orange tetrasodium salt Xylenol orange contains one sulfonic acid, four carboxyl groups, two amino groups, and two hydroxy groups, each of which can be protonated or deprotonated. At pH ≈ 4.5, xylenol orange exists in a lemon-yellow form. In this form, xylenol orange forms a weak red to red-violet complex with some polyvalent metal ions, which is destroyed by the addition of a stronger complexing agent such as EDTA. Use : As an indicator in titration. Typical concentration: 1 ml / 100 ml...
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Sodium, quantitative analysis
Quantitative Analyse von Natrium Sodium occurs in nutrient solutions primarily as the sodium ion (Na⁺) . Na + can partially replace K + in some plant functions, but K + is still an essential nutrient. There are different methods for determining sodium: Flame photometry: A fast and precise method for the quantitative determination of sodium. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS): Highly precise determination at very low concentrations. Precipitation titration with aluminum oxinate: A chemical meth...
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Boron, quantitative analysis
Quantitative Analyse von Bor Boron is present in nutrient solutions mainly as borate species (B(OH)₄⁻) . There are various methods for determining boron: Spectrophotometry with azomethine-H: color development by complex formation. ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma with Optical Emission): High-precision determination. Manual titration with mannitol and NaOH: formation of a stable boron-mannitol complex. Detailed titration of boron with mannitol and sodium hydroxide 1. Principle of the method Bo...
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Iron, quantitative analysis
Quantitative Analyse von Eisen Iron is usually present in nutrient solutions as Fe²⁺ (e.g., in chelates) or Fe³⁺ (free iron). The following methods are used for determination: Complexometric titration with EDTA: Frequently used method for Fe³⁺. Spectrophotometry with phenanthroline: For Fe²⁺. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS): High-precision laboratory analysis. ICP-OES: Accurate for multiple measurements, but complex. Detailed titration of iron with EDTA 1. Principle of the method Iron(III) ...
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Expected in the analysis
In hydroponics, the following substances and compounds are present in the nutrient solution (liquid fertilizer). To estimate the amount you need to monitor, whether through titration, test strips, or other analytical methods, here's an overview of the concentrations you should expect in the analysis: An overview of the analysis techniques and further details can be found here . Element / CompoundNamemmol/Lmg/L (ppm) Macronutrients K Potassium 3 – 8 117 – 313 Ca Calcium 1 – 4 40 – 160 Mg Magnesiu...
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Plant Combinator
Plant Combinator pH · EC · USDA Zone · Frost Tolerance Select Plants + Add Plant Range Comparison pH Value EC Value (mS/cm) USDA Hardiness Zone Detailed Analysis & Compatibility Please select plants … Planting Calendar Please select plants … Copy Result Copy to Clipboard ✓ Copied! Fine Print ! Please note that the nutrient consumption of individual varieties can vary greatly depending on growth phase and plant type, and the resulting quantity ratios may cause undesired interactions/blockages and...
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Nutrient Chemistry: Ion Ratio
Hydroponics · Nutrient Chemistry · Tool A Ion Ratio Checker Critical ratios based on the antagonism mechanisms from Article 1.Input can be entered in mmol/L, g element/L, or mg element/L (= ppm). This is a supplementary tool used by the Fertiliser Calculator to calculate potential antagonisms and precipitation reactions. Input unit: mmol/L g/L mg/L (ppm) Molar masses are used automatically for conversion. Macronutrients Ca²⁺ 40.08 Mg²⁺ 24.31 K⁺ 39.10 N ∑ 14.01 NH₄⁺ 14.01 H₂PO₄⁻ 30.97 SO₄²⁻ 32.06...
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Fertilizer: Essential Nutrients, Function, Deficiency and Exces
Deficiency symptoms Quick overview Damage caused by soluble salts Boron deficiency Boron toxicity Calcium deficiency Ferrum deficiency Sulphur deficency Nitrogen deficiency Potassium deficiency Copper deficiency Magnesia deficiency Manganese deficiencyl Molybdenum deficiency Phosphorus deficiency Zinc deficiency Before we begin discussing the principles of plant nutrient systems in hydroponic systems, we need to define what we mean by "hydroponic." Hydroponics is the process of growing plants ...
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Agar
Agar is a natural gelling agent derived from the cell walls of certain red algae (e.g. B. Gelidium or Gracilaria) is won. In plant-cell breeding, agar serves as a carrier medium for nutrients and hormones that promote the growth and differentiation of plant cells in vitro. Properties and functions gelling agent: Agar solidifies at about 40 °C and only melts at about 85–90 °C. This makes it ideal for stabilizing culture media. Nutrient carrier: Serves as a matrix to contain water, macro- and micr...
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Fertilizer Calculator HowTo
The script ( download here ) allows you to create your own fertilizer mix for hydroponics or soil from over 50 different fertilizer salts and over 200 NPK fertilizers can also be used. Procedure 1) Select the example nutrient solution or specification and display it Tried and tested nutrient solutions from the literature, see in the drop down menu Predefined nutrient solutions - Please select (optional) - Don't let the years fool you: practically nothing has changed since 1966, only the temp...
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Murashige & Skoog Medium
Murashige and Skoog medium (or MSO or MS0 (MS-zero) ) is the most popular plant growth medium used in laboratories worldwide for cultivating plant cell cultures on agar . MS0 was invented in 1962 by plant scientists Toshio Murashige and Folke K. Skoog during Murashige's search for a new growth regulator. A number after the letters MS indicates the sucrose content of the medium. For example, MS0 contains no sucrose, while MS20 contains 20 g/L sucrose. Together with its modificatio...
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Nutrient deficiency
Nährstoffmängel in Hydroponik und Erde Nutrient deficiency in hydroponic systems & Soil * Version 0.20-en * 2025-07 Structured overview of deficiency symptoms Leaves Leaf loss & death Dying shoot tips → Ca, B (strongly documented even in standard works such as Resh 2012) Leaf loss (secondary) → Ca, B (Cu– deficiency rare, rare primary cause) Midday wilting despite water → Ca, root stress (e.g. B. in the case of O₂ deficiency or pH problems). Ca is no longer adequately transported due to d...
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Interactions: Chelate Stability Window
Hydroponics · Nutrient Chemistry · Article 2 of 2 Nutrient Solution: Chelates, Ion Ratios and Practice Why chelates are necessary, which ones work at which pH, how critical ion ratios are derived – and what the Long Ashton / Hewitt (1966) solution demonstrates as an example. Article 1 shows that Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu have their availability optimum in the acidic range (pH 5.0–6.5), while Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and MoO₄²⁻ are more available near neutral. The compromise targeted in hydroponics at pH 5.8–6.2 means...
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Fertiliser
Fertiliser programmes First of all: If you receive a fertiliser recommendation without having explained exactly which plants you are growing, you can safely ignore such recommendations. There are not hundreds of fertiliser types because there is one answer. Each plant species has individual nutrient requirements that also differ according to the growth phase it is in. Furthermore, indiscriminate fertilising, over-fertilising, under-fertilising, wrong composition etc. can have devastating conse...
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Fertilizer: Calculate a nutrient recipe
By Boston Public Library, licensed CC BY 2.0 Now that you have the two basic equations for the production of nutrient solutions, we want to use them to calculate the amounts of fertilizer required for a nutrient solution recipe. If you are not familiar with the two equations, read this first: Hydroponic systems: Calculating the concentrations of nutrient solutions using the two equations. Here is our problem: We want to use a modified Sonneveld solution (Matson and Peters, Insidegrower) for herb...
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Notes on cultivation
If you grow seedlings yourself, special attention must be paid to the hygiene of germination devices, germination aids and the surrounding area. Even if the seeds are not watered enough, a high level of germs can build up and lead to mold. If the seeds are infected with mold, they must be completely removed. The germination device and all infected utensils must be thoroughly disinfected. Most beans contain the toxic protein Phasin, which is only destroyed by cooking or other types of heat. There...
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Rye (Sprouts)
Facts about Rye The taste: sweet, like wheat Germination: 1 to 2 days Growth until harvest: 3 days Nitrogen requirements: high - heavy feeder pH range: 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 1.6 suitable fish Size: up to 3 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: for 6 to 12 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: not necessary Germination temperature: 21°C Irrigation: - Flood and drain 2 to 3 times a...
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Kohlrabi (Sprouts)
Facts about Kohlrabi The taste: Intense cabbage taste Germination: 2 to 3 days Growth until harvest: 5 to 7 days Nitrogen requirements: moderate - moderate eater pH range: 6.5 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area: 2.5 - 3.0 suitable fish Size: up to 5 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: For 6 to 12 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: Indirect light from the third day Germination temperature: 21°C irri...
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Spelled (Sprouts)
Facts about Spelled The taste: Strong, sweet Germination: 1 to 2 days Growth until harvest: 3 days Nitrogen requirements: low - weak eater pH range: 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 1.6 suitable fish Size: up to 4 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: for 6 to 12 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve - Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: not necessary Germination temperature: 21°C Irrigation: - Flood and drain twice a day, spr...
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Kideney Bean (Sprouts)
Facts Dangerous in its raw state ! The taste: mild, firm nutty taste Germination: 2 to 3 days Growth until harvest: 7 days Nitrogen requirements: low - weak eater pH range: 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 1.8 suitable fish Size: up to 3 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: for 12 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: not necessary Germination temperature: 23°C irrigation: - Flood and drai...
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Linseed (Sprouts)
Facts The taste: Mild, nutty, light, fresh Germination: 2 to 3 days Growth until harvest: 7 days Nitrogen requirements: low - weak eater pH range: 5.8 - 7.5 matching plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 1.8 suitable fish Size: up to 6 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: For 8 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: Indirect light from the third day Germination temperature: 21°C Irrigation: - Flood and drain 2 to ...
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Corn (Sprouts)
Facts about Corn The taste: Sweet, sugary Germination: 2 to 3 days Growth until harvest: 3 to 5 days Nitrogen requirements: high - heavy feeder pH range: 6.0 - 6.5 matching plants Ec - area: 1.6 - 2.2 suitable fish Size: up to 3 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: for 8 to 12 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: indirect light Germination temperature: 21°C irrigation: - Flood and drain twice a day...
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Pak Choi/Tatsoi (Sprouts)
Facts about Pak Choi / Tatsoi The taste Slightly peppery, fresh germination 1 to 2 days Growth until harvest 5 to 6 days Nitrogen requirements moderate - moderate eater pH range 6.0 - 6.5 matching plants Ec - area 1.5 - 2.0 suitable fish Size up to 4 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds for 6 to 12 hours Growth medium - Stainless steel sprout sieve - Sprouts made of glass or plastic - Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light indirect light from the third day Germination temperature 21°C i...
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Radishes (Sprouts)
Facts about Radishes The taste: Peppery, fresh Germination: 2 to 3 days Growth until harvest: 6 days Nitrogen requirements: high - heavy feeder pH range: 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area: 1.6 - 2.2 suitable fish Size: up to 7 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: For 6 to 12 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve- Sprouts made of glass or plastic- Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: Indirect light from the third day Germination temperature: 21°C irrigation: - Flood an...
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Asparagus (Sprouts)
Facts The taste: Mild, nutty Germination: 1 to 2 days Growth until harvest: 2 to 4 days Nitrogen requirements: moderate - moderate eater pH range: 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 1.8 suitable fish Size: up to 2 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: for 4 to 24 hours Growth medium: - Stainless steel sprout sieve - Sprouts made of glass or plastic - Trays, perforated, different sizes available Light: indirect light Germination temperature: 21°C Irrigation: - Flood and drain twice a day - sp...
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Navigating towards Decoupled Aquaponic Systems 4
Figure 19. Graphical comparison between sludge production, sludge reduction, and sludge outtakeassuming a TSS reduction of 90%, a HRT of 10 days, and an SRT of 80 days (y‐axis). The days aredisplayed on the x‐axis. 5.2. Nitrate Flow EstimatesAs can be seen schematically in Figure 6, the flow rate from RAS to the plants is determined by theplant evapotranspiration rate derived from the FAO Penman-Monteith Equation. Unlike in the case ofother macronutrients, the remineralization potential for...
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Navigating towards Decoupled Aquaponic Systems 2
Table 1. Observed sunshine hours (per month) and the respective estimated reference evaporation (ETo in mm/day) for Köln-Bonn. Figure 2. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo in mm/day) upon plain natural lighting (Köln‐Bonn) or at constant radiation using (additional) artificial light. 3.3. Input Data and Parametrization for RASThe modelled RAS comprised four fish tanks with a volume of 1 m3 each. Additional RAScomponents (i.e., biofilter, drum filter, sump, etc.) add another 3 m3 of volume. ...
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Navigating towards Decoupled Aquaponic Systems 3
4.2. Model Description—FlowchartsFigures 4 and 5 show the water flow of traditional RAS and one-loop aquaponic systems.Whereas the outflow in RAS is mainly defined by water discharge rates and sludge removal, themain outflow in one-loop aquaponic systems occurs via evapotranspiration and sludge removal.Figure 6 illustrates in what DAPS differ from the other approaches. Although its main water outflowis also defined through evapotranspiration, it reduces water loss by recycling the sludge, whosep...
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Aquaponics System Modeling: Interactive Diagram
Borgmann-Aquaponik-Hydroponik.ch (Beta 0.5.7.5) * Roux * Somerville ACCORDING TO ROUX · FAO/SOMERVILLE · KSU/HAGER ⊙SYSTEM MAP ↻CAUSE-DIAGRAM WATER ⬡ NUTRIENTS ⚡ ENERGY 0Nodes 0Links 0Loops System Aquaponics Hydroponics Shared Risks Decoupling Link Flow Types N-Cycle P-Cycle Water Cycle Biomass CO₂ / Carbon Energy Risk / Dep. Variable Group Nitrogen Phosphorus Fish Plant Water Quality Energy External Inputs Output/Harvest Polarity Positive (+) Negative (−) Feedback Loops RR1 Fish Growth BB1 N-Up...
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Navigating towards Decoupled Aquaponic Systems 1
A System Dynamics Design Approach Download the PDF Version here: Navigating towards Decoupled Aquaponic Systems Simon Goddek 1,2,*, Carlos Alberto Espinal 3 , Boris Delaide 4, Mohamed Haissam Jijakli 4, Zala Schmautz 5, Sven Wuertz 6 and Karel J. Keesman 11 Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands;
Read more »This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Aquaponik Manufaktur GmbH, Geldener Str. 139, Issum 47661, Germany3 LandIng Aquaculture, Evenheuvel 4, 5688 LZ O... -
Comparison Costs & Benefits
Choosing an Aquaponics or Hydroponics System The choice of irrigation method depends on various factors such as costs for the system setup, operating costs, space requirements, water consumption, desired productivity (yield), and many other aspects. To help you make a decision, we have created an example here that can give you a first impression of the compromises to be expected. By Adam Arthur CCBY2 DAR: Decision Analysis and Resolution The system used in this example is called DAR (Decision An...
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Aquaponics / Hydroponics
Aquaponics: Sustainable Food Production in a Cycle Aquaponics is a method that combines the rearing of fish in aquaculture with the cultivation of plants in hydroponics. There are different approaches to deliver the nutrients produced by the fish to the plants. Overview of Cultivation Methods Overview of Aquaponics System Types Aquaponics, like hydroponics systems, are always part of a closed cycle. Aquaponics, for fish production, always contains a hydroponic system for plant cultivation. The s...
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Advances in Hydroponics Research
Innovations for Plant Growth Hydroponics, the soilless farming method, continues to be the focus of agricultural research and promises sustainable and efficient plant growth. Recent studies show progress in optimizing nutrient delivery systems and increasing crop yields. Researchers are exploring innovative hydroponic techniques that integrate precision agriculture technologies and ensure precise control of nutrient concentrations and environmental conditions. This not only maximizes resource ef...
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Foreword to fish farming in aquaponics systems
Fish farming plays a central role in aquaponics systems and represents a symbiotic complement to plant production. The combination of fish farming and hydroponics creates sustainable circular systems that make optimal use of and support both components. The fish provide valuable nutrients for the plants through their excretions, while the plants in turn purify the water and provide the fish with a healthy living environment. The integration of fish farming into aquaponics systems offers numero...
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Aquaculture and Aquaponics
Aquaculture is not aquaponics Actually, today we consume much more fish than there is in the oceans and lakes. Aquacultures in the seas and lakes are the basis for the high fish consumption. Today, aquacultures seem to be the solution at all to cover the high demand for fish, but there are also negative consequences for humans and the environment, especially for organisms living in the water. It is clear that more than half of all fish products consumed worldwide already come from aquaculture. B...
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GTC B2B
General Terms and Conditions of Sale (GTC) for commercial transactions (Seller and buyer are entrepreneurs) Version: January 31, 2025 General Terms of Sale (Only the german version is binding) All prices in our virtual store are in euros. The approximate value in other currencies is for guidance only. We reserve the right to correct any printing errors in the virtual store. We thank you for your order, which we accept exclusively under the following delivery and payment terms. Please note the ...
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Terms of use
Terms of use for online platform: Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik 1 Scope of the Terms of Use(1) These Terms of Use apply to the online offer Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik, which is available on the Internet at https://borgmann-aquaponik-hydroponik.ch/ can be called up. This is a platform on which users can create profiles. (2) You can access and print out the currently valid terms of use this page. 2 Conclusion of contract and user account(1) By completing the online registration process and cr...
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GDPR
data protection 1. General 1.1 What are personal data 1.2 Handling of personal data 1.3 Usage data 1.4 Registration data 1.5 Duration of storage 1.6 Analysis tools and third-party tools 2. Your rights 2.1 Information 2.2 Right to rectification 2.3 Right to erasure 2.4 Right to restriction of processing 2.5 Right to data portability 2.6 Right of withdrawal 2.7 General and right of appeal 3. Data security 3.1 Data security 3.2 Sessions and Cookies 3.3 Data protection declaration for the use of the...
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GTC
General Terms and Conditions of Sale I. Offer and conclusion of contract The order signed by the customer (also electronically) is a binding offer. We can accept this offer within two weeks by sending an order confirmation or by sending the ordered goods within this period. Please note the information in Appendix 1 ! II. Documents handed over We reserve the right of ownership and copyright to all documents handed over to the purchaser in connection with the placing of the order - also in el...
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Legal notice
Company: Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik, UID: CHE-312.034.071 Corporate address: Helmer Borgmann Schumacherweg 19 8046 Zürich, Schweiz Managing Director and responsible for all content: Helmer Borgmann Disclaimer 1. limitation of liabilityThe contents of this website have been prepared with the greatest possible care and to the best of our knowledge. Nevertheless, the provider of this website accepts no responsibility for the topicality, completeness and correctness o...
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Right of withdrawal
Right of withdrawal You have the right to cancel a contract concluded with us within fourteen days without giving reasons. The cancellation period is 54 weeks from the day the contract is concluded. In order to exercise your right of withdrawal, you must inform us (Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik, Schumacherweg 19, CH-80469 Zurich) of your decision to withdraw from this contract by means of a clear statement (e.g. a letter sent by post or an email). You can reach us by phone at 0041-79-5835913. I...
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Image copyrights
All images, unless marked, are the property of our company. All other images are copyrighted according to the following evidence. List of copyrights Klimazonen: WHZ-Europa-small.gif, WHZ-Europa-big.gif, WHZ-Mitteleuropa-small.gif, WHZ-Mitteleuropa-big.gif https://www.jelitto.com/out/media/winterhaertezonen/europa/WHZ-Mitteleuropa-big.gif https://www.jelitto.com/out/media/winterhaertezonen/europa/WHZ-Mitteleuropa-big.gif Trickle_Filter_Cross-section.png A schematic cross-section of the contac...
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Terms of use
Terms of use for online platform: Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik 1 Scope of the Terms of Use (1) These Terms of Use apply to the online offer Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik, which can be accessed on the Internet at https://borgmann-aquaponik-hydroponik.ch/. This is a platform on which Users can create profiles. This is a platform on which users can create profiles. (2) You can call up and print out the currently valid Terms of Use with this document. 2 Conclusion of contract and user account (...
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Revocation form
Your legal basis Annex 2 to Article 246a § 1 paragraph 2 sentence 1 number 1 and § 2 paragraph 2 number 2 of the Introductory Act to the German Civil Code (EGBGB) Annex 2 amended mWv 13.6.2014 by G v. 20.9.2013 (BGBl. I p. 3642); amended with effect from 28.5.2022 by Act of 10.8.2021 (BGBl. I p. 3483).Sample cancellation form If you wish to revoke a contract, please fill out this form and send it to the following address:Borgmann Aquaponik Hydroponik, Schumacherweg 19, CH-8046 ZürichReceiver: Bo...
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Root Zone Temperature
Root Zone Temperature Scientific Foundations and Documented Impacts on Hydro- and Aquaponics Systems The Neglected Parameter While pH values and nutrient concentrations in hydro- and aquaponics systems are routinely monitored, root zone temperature often remains overlooked. However, current peer-reviewed studies clearly show measurable impacts on growth, yield, and plant health. Common Measurement Error Root zone temperature can significantly deviate from the measured air temperature - especiall...
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Root Zone Temperature – Measurement Technology & Monitoring
Root Zone Temperature – Measurement Technology & Monitoring Practical Methods, Technologies, and Scientifically Proven Approaches for Capturing and Documenting RZT Why Measurement is Crucial Air temperature is not a reliable indicator of the actual temperature in the root zone. Differences of up to 5–10°C are documented in hydro- and aquaponics systems (Levine et al. 2023; Hayashi et al. 2024). Without precise measurement, controlling the RZT remains speculative and potential yield increases are...
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Literature
Certainly, understanding optimal pH and electrical conductivity (EC) levels for plant growth in hydroponics and aquaponics is crucial. However, it is important to note that specific pH and EC requirements may vary depending on the plant species. Here are some scientific references that discuss the influence of pH and EC on plant growth: 1. “Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility Handbook”◦ Author: J. Benton Jones Jr.◦ This comprehensive handbook provides insight into the role of pH and EC levels in ...
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pH and Ec: Fruit, Vegetables, Herbs
First of all: the values described in the following table should be treated with caution. Of course, even within the same order, down to the genus, the differences are enormous. What a healthy tomato produces in an allotment garden can show serious deficiency symptoms in a hydroponic system with the same pH and optimal Ec value - and vice versa. There is no way around testing and closely observing the plant depending on the chosen nutrient composition. The pH and EC values are the most impor...
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FCR / Feed Conversion Rate
The FCR (the Feed conversion rate) describes how much feed an animal needs for growth, i.e. the weight gain per feed weight achieved by farm animals in fattening. It is a simple indication of the efficiency of converting feed to body weight. The required amount of feed per 1 kg of weight gain during fattening is usually specified (so-called feed conversion rate, FCR). The FCR depends primarily on the animal species, the composition and quantity of feed used (energy content, protein content, etc....
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Emanuel Epstein (1918–2022)
Emanuel Epstein (1918–2022) , a prominent plant physiologist and soil scientist who specialized in the mineral nutrition of plants . His culture medium is a standard in plant research, particularly for studies of nutrient uptake and deficiency. Important contributions: Epstein Medium :– A hydroponic nutrient solution containing all essential macro- and micronutrients in optimal ratios.– Used to specifically study the influence of individual nutrients (e.g., iron, potassium) on plant growth. ...
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Economic Viability of Hydroponic Systems: Energy vs. Yield and ROI Calculations
Economic Viability of Hydroponic Systems Energy vs. Yield and ROI Calculations Note: The following economic calculations are based on peer-reviewed studies and practical operational data from commercial hydroponic facilities. The economic viability of hydroponic systems is largely determined by the ratio of energy input to yield. Accurate ROI calculation is essential for successful commercial implementation. Energy Analysis of Hydroponic Systems Energy Distribution in Closed Systems Studies ...
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Root Zone Temperature: Current Research Results
Root Zone Temperature: Current Research Results Here are some relevant studies on this topic: Levine et al. (2023) "Controlling root zone temperature improves plant growth …" Experimental System Hydroponic Lettuce (Lactuca sativa "Red Fire") Temperature Range 15, 25, 35 °C Findings 25 °C resulted in maximum dry mass. 35 °C reduced growth but increased pigment content. Significance Shows that a moderate root temperature range is ideal and that targeted management is possible. To the study (PubMed...
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Phasin
Phasin is a lectin mixture that is found in raw vegetables, especially common beans. Phasin is toxic to humans because it causes red blood cells to stick together. Above a certain dose, consumption leads to vomiting, diarrhea and stomach and intestinal problems. In the worst case, consumption can be fatal; in some cases, just a handful of raw beans was enough to cause death. In particularly phasin-rich species such as B. red kidney beans, just 4 or 5 raw seeds are enough to cause symptoms in ad...
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Biofilter: Biofilm
Biofilms consist of a mucous layer (a film) in which mixed populations[1] of microorganisms (e.g. bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa) in concentrations of 1012 cells per milliliter of biofilm[1] and of multicellular organisms[1] such as Rotifers, nematodes, mites, bristles or insect larvae that feed on the microorganisms are embedded. In everyday life, they are often perceived as a slippery, soft-feeling, water-containing layer of mucus or coating. Other colloquial names are growth, Kahmhaut or Si...
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Procurement of seeds
From the Swallowtail Garden Seeds collectionof botanical photographs and illustrations How and where can you get good quality seeds? Seeds can be purchased from various retailers. Since efficiency is what matters most in an aquaponics/hydroponic system, it is advantageous to use seeds of tested quality. For European retailers, the organic seal with information about the leading control body is informative. And: don't buy hybrid seeds! These are not self-propagating. This means that you cannot ...
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Broad Beans (Microgreens)
Facts about Broad Beans The taste Nutty, sweet Germination 3 - 4 days Growth until harvest 12 - 15 days Nitrogen requirements moderate - moderate eater pH range 6.0 - 6.5 matching plants Ec - area 1.8 - 2.2 suitable fish Size up to 7 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds recommended for 6 - 24 hours Soak the medium recommended Growth medium - Mixed potting soil (organic preferred)- Coconut soil- Peat-free potting soil- Hemp mats Light at least 12 hours of exposure per day, light 45 - 60 cm away from ...
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Wheatgrass (Microgreens)
Facts about Wheatgrass The taste Strong, sweet Germination 2 - 3 days Growth until harvest 10 - 14 days Nitrogen requirements low - weak eater pH range 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area 1.2 - 1.6 suitable fish Size ~ 8 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds soak for 24 hours Soak the medium optional Growth medium - Mixed potting soil (organic preferred)- Coconut soil- Peat-free potting soil- Hemp mats Light at least 6 hours of exposure per day Germination temperature 21 - 23°C Irrigation - Flood and...
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Dandelion (Microgreens)
Facts about Dandelion The taste: Slightly bitter, earthy Germination: 2 - 3 days Growth until harvest: 12 - 25 days Nitrogen requirements: low - weak eater pH range: 5.0 - 6.5 matching plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 2.0 suitable fish Size: 5cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: not necessary Soak the medium: not necessary Growth medium: - Mixed potting soil (organic preferred)- Coconut soil- Peat-free potting soil- Hemp mats Light: at least 10 hours of exposure from germination Germination temperature:...
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Hemp (Microgreens)
Facts about Hemp The taste: Mild, nutty Germination: 12 days Growth until harvest: 7 - 10 days Nitrogen requirements: high - heavy feeder pH range: 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants Ec - area: 0.8 - 2.0 suitable fish Size: up to 5 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: 4 to 6 hours Soak the medium: not necessary Growth medium: - Mixed potting soil (organic preferred)- Coconut soil- Peat-free potting soil- Hemp mats Light: 12 hours of exposure per day, light at a distance of 60 cm above the plants Germination...
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Parsley (Microgreens)
Facts about Parsley The taste: Mild parsley taste, juicy Germination: 5 - 7 days Growth until harvest: 18 - 30 days Nitrogen requirements: moderate - moderate eater pH range: 5.5 - 6.0 suitable plants Ec - area: 0.8 - 1.8 suitable fish Size: 7cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: for 8 hours Soak the medium: optional Growth medium: - Mixed potting soil (organic preferred)- Coconut soil- Peat-free potting soil- Hemp mats Light: at least 12 hours of exposure per day Germination temperature: 21°C Irrig...
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Purslane (Microgreens)
Facts about Purslane The taste: Like spinach, light like seaweed Germination: 3 - 5 days Growth until harvest: 10 - 14 days Nitrogen requirements: low - weak eater pH range: 5.8 - 6.2 suitable plants Ec - area: 0.8 - 1.2 suitable fish Size: 6 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: not necessary Soak the medium: optional Growth medium: - Mixed potting soil (organic preferred)- Coconut soil- Peat-free potting soil- Hemp mats Light: at least 10 hours of exposure per day Germination temperature: 21°C Irr...
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Foreword to Growing Microgreens
About Microgreens Microgreens, the young seedlings of vegetable and herb plants, have become a trend that delights both foodies and health experts. These tiny plants, which are harvested after about 7 to 21 days, offer an impressive concentration of nutrients, intense flavor and an attractive variety of colors. They are more than just culinary decorations - they are true powerhouses of nature. Microgreens differ from sprouts in that they grow in a medium such as soil or coconut fiber and develop...
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Clover (Microgreens)
Facts about Clover The taste: Mild, nutty, sweet, fresh Germination: 2 - 3 days Growth until harvest: 8 - 12 days Nitrogen requirements: low - weak eater pH range: 6.2 - 6.5 matching plants Ec - area: 1.2 - 2.4 suitable fish Size: up to 5 cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: not necessary Soak the medium: not necessary Growth medium: - Mixed potting soil (organic preferred)- Coconut soil- Peat-free potting soil- Hemp mats Light: at least 12 hours of exposure per day Germination temperature: 21°C Ir...
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Lovage (Microgreens)
Fakten zu Lovage Geschmack: Celery taste, bitter, mild Keimung: 6 - 14 days Wachstum bis Ernte: 18 - 24 days Stickstoffbedarf: moderate - moderate eater pH - Bereich: 6.0 - 7.0 suitable plants EC - Bereich: 1.0 - 1.6 suitable fish Größe: 5cm Cultivation Soaking the seeds: not necessary Soak the medium: not necessary Growth medium: - Mixed potting soil (organic preferred)- Coconut soil- Peat-free potting soil- Hemp mats Light: 12 to 14 hours of exposure per day Germination temperature: approx. 21...
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Stocking density
Fish stocking density is subject to legal requirements and biological limits. This article explains the legal framework and practical recommendations for species-appropriate keeping. However: As of January 26, 2026, there are no uniform, EU-wide binding stocking density regulations for aquaponics systems. Regulation is multi-layered and based on several areas of law. The permissible density results from the interaction of national animal welfare law, fertilizer law, and the practical limits of y...
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Fish in Aquaponics
001835:Fish Quay North Shields unknown ca.1890 by Newcastle Libraries, Public Domain Mark 1.0. In order to find the right fish for your own aquaponics system, you can already fall back on a large selection of suitable food fish. There are small fish for small systems and large ones for larger ones. However, they all have to fulfil some basic requirements. As a rule, fish are used that can withstand the high, almost tropical temperatures in a plant. So they have to be heat-resistant. Furthermore,...
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Labeo rohita / Rohu
Rohu / Labeo rohita Rohu is a representative of the carp family and is wonderfully suitable as a fish for aquaculture, as this herbivorous fish allows for a combination of farming with prawns. Although this requires larger tanks and increased effort, it ensures a higher yield. It can be combined excellently with the giant river prawn. Since it belongs to the cyprinids, it is possible to obtain the organic label certificate, the same applies to the prawns. Rohu grows quickly and can be harvest...
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Acipenser baerii / Siberian sturgeon
Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) The Siberian sturgeon comes from the rivers of Siberia and Lake Baikal. It is divided into three subspecies; The Acipenser baerii baerii from the Ob River (Western Siberia), the Acipenser baerii baicalensis, which comes from Lake Baikal and the Acipenser baerii stenorhynchus, which is native to the eastern rivers of Siberia. The sturgeon is not only a tasty food fish, but is also best known for producing caviar. The original Kavier comes from him. The product...
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Gadus chalcogrammus / Alaska Pollock
Alaska Pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) Alaska pollock is the second most popular food fish in the world and is sometimes called "Alaska cod." The name can be misleading, as it is part of the cod family and has no connection whatsoever to salmon. It has a fine, flavorful meat that contains a high proportion of omega-3 fatty acids at 0.3 g per 100 g. It is native to the coasts of the North Pacific and lives there in so-called schools. Despite warnings about overfishing from WWF and Greenpeace, Alas...
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Typicall fish diseases
In aquaponics systems, fish can be susceptible to various diseases, just like in traditional aquaculture setups. Some common fish diseases that may occur in aquaponics include: Columnaris Disease (Flexibacteriosis): Caused by the bacterium Flavobacterium columnare. Symptoms include white or grayish patches on the skin, frayed fins, and lethargy. Aeromonas Infections: Caused by bacteria of the genus Aeromonas. Symptoms may include ulcers, fin rot, hemorrhages, and abdominal swelling. Dropsy...
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The fish market
On average around the world, around 19.7 kg of fish is consumed per person per year. Annual per capita consumption in Oceania is approximately 24.8 kg, in North America 21.4 kg and in Europe 22.2 kg (Source: State of world fisheries and aquaculture, FAO, 2016). ( 1 Germany In 2020, a total of 1.14 million tons of fish and seafood were consumed in Germany. This corresponds to a per capita consumption of 14.1 kg. ( 2 The market shares of fish and fishery products in Germany were broken down as ...
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Eedible Fish
1948 advertisement for Flair fish cutlets - Public Domain Edible fish are fish species that are suitable for human consumption. Depending on their habitat, a distinction is made between freshwater fish and saltwater fish (sea fish). Some fish species occur in both saltwater and freshwater, for example eel and salmon. Not all of them are suitable for breeding in aquaponics or aquaculture. Here is an overview of the preferred fish species for aquaponics systems. eels eels Ayu perch-like fish eagl...
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Stress in Fish
Fish are much more susceptible to disease than they are stressed. The most important are infectious diseases including parasitoses, water-related damage and stress factors in the housing conditions. Injuries, hereditary diseases, malformations and tumors also occur in fish. Some infectious diseases can lead to mass loss in fish farming. They are then referred to as fish diseases and are subject to legal measures in accordance with the Animal Health Act, special legal regulations or EU legal pr...
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2 Comment(s)
Mr. X
Sunday, 03 May 2026 04:11Weiss gar nicht wo ich das hinschreiben soll: vielen Dank für die Infos. Eine Strukturierte Führung wäre ganz gut. Bei vielen Artikeln fehlt mir der Kontext.
Admin Reply
Sunday, 03 May 2026 09:04Danke für den Hinweis.
Im Menü "Themen" finden Sie den Link "Lehr-Pfad" . Das wäre ein möglicher Einstieg.
Als Novize wäre der Link "Leitfaden" im selben Menü eventuell auch ein guter Start.
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die bereits eine gewisse Kenntnis in der Materie besitzen. Wir arbeiten daran ein besser
"strukturiertes" Gesamtwerk zu erstellen. In der vorliegenden Version wird es schwierig zu
jedem Artikel eingangs den Kontext zu erläutern. Für die Zielgruppe wäre das nur Fülltext und
dafür sind es inzwischen auch zu viele Artikel - und Kunden geworden. Da haben wir zu Beginn
auch nicht gedacht.
Die Vorworte in den Themenbereichen sind eventuell schon eine kleine Hilfe für Sie.
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